Psychology Tutor: Mentor (PSI) Psycho-Social Incarnation

Guide on the Side is the psychology education role I have been trained to provide to you. Psychology (PSI) Tutor:Mentor dips into the Flipped Classroom Model (infographic below), with a twist.

In general, the students I study-buddy with attend physical universities or colleges and then hook up with me to take part in active application of class material. The pedagogy I use is active reflection, constructivist, student-focused and interactive.

Often I encourage students who use my service, including the reading my of my blog, to listen to online lectures via YouTube or Khan Academy. As highlighted in the graphic below, online lectures and podcasts allow you, the learner, to listen and ‘digest’ material, at your own pace (isn’t the infographic neat! Thank you to Kristen Swanson of Teachers as Technology Trailblazers  for the heads-up to it in her latest post).

Created by Knewton and Column Five Media

The concept is definitely a way forward for education, including that of higher ed. I think Carl Rogers would celebrate the Flipped model, it is so student-front-and-centre, with a large dollop of Vygotsky‘s More Knowledgeable Other bringing together peer-to-peer learning as well as input from the side guide who has experience and demonstrated competencies and skill in an area.

Below the graphic I have provided an example of my use of the Flipped Model using Facebook. A learner shared her interpretations (with me and her FB Friends on her wall) as well as  insights and her gaps in knowledge about researching the topic presented in a psych article I sourced from my Psychology Tutor Mentor Daily Gazette, Evolutionary Psychology of Climate Change – Eco Matters – State of the Planet It was an interactive bouncing of ideas and sharing with each other, I identified gaps in my own knowledge too, such as: What personality factors could influence attitudes and behaviours regarding GW? and Would a regression model better suit this type of study?

• Darlene Sharee ArmytageGlobal warming DOES violate my sense of Morals. I DO think dumping chemicals etc is morally wrong … As people, we are all different, and this study could go a lot further I feel.

  Wednesday at 15:58 · Like

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  Char Psych Tutor Mentor Good points Darlene Sharee Armytage

  Wednesday at 16:35 · Like

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  Char Psych Tutor Mentorhow do you think they could extend this study to investigate the emotional side more?

  Wednesday at 16:36 · Like

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  Darlene Sharee ArmytageMmmmm, now that is a question for you Char LOL … I have no idea how they could. It would be interesting to see the demographic that they used for this. Perhaps 2 separate studies is needed, and then some comparison IE Study people like the Greenpeace activists, along with people that are not concerned, and compare the results???

  Wednesday at 17:35 · Like

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  Char Psych Tutor MentorGr8 design idea Darlene. We can have one comparison study with two groups to compare. And use demographic variables to see if they affect results found. I would add some pretests, like satisfaction with life and degree of knowledge on the topic and self esteem too perhaps

  Wednesday at 19:05 · Like · 1

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  Darlene Sharee ArmytageThanks Char, and yes definitely with the pretests, though knowledge on the subject is probably very subjective too, depending on a persons “for or against” stance. Ie: MOST people tend to search out “Truths” that will back their personal belief. A quote that I think best describes this is “The Devil can quote scripture for purpose” So although both parties could claim knowledge on the subject, and be right in doing so, only one party can rightly claim knowledge. Lets call them the wise ones LOL, or tomorrow’s heroes. Obviously my bias for the environment is now showing LOL xxx

  Wednesday at 20:09 · Unlike · 1

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  Char Psych Tutor Mentor Well, this would be one way to test those assumptions Darlene Sharee Armytageas we could see what knowledge each comes up with and, see if there is a pattern across demographics, self-esteem, satisfaction with life and degree of emotionality with regards to GW.

  21 hours ago · Like · 1

Does your uni/college apply a Flipped Classroom Approach? Would you like it to, or not? Why~

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Check it out, Psychology Tutor:Mentor (PSI) now has a Daily Gazette~ How excitement! More psychology focused articles and news and, more psychology student resources, like help with reflective journaling. This was my first try at collating material and I will be tweaking material till I find what we all agree is ‘good stuff’.

Let me know what materials you would like to see more of.

Statistics is a learning hurdle for many of us. I failed the first two years of studying the topic; felt way out of my depth and unable to relate to the concepts. Lately, browsing my Twitter stream, it appears that many other psychology students have similar experiences. So, I have put together my fav Top 10 Foundationals Statistics Vids for you to review your learnt materials and to consider ways to put it into practice in your daily life.

By third year psych I was much more comfortable with the topic os stats in psychology. After 4th year, as a post-grad I took on a TA position at my local uni to tutor 3rd year statistics and research methods. In my second year of taking the subject every student passed the final exam across both tutorial classes. And feedback from the students was all positive, letting me know that they had found a way to have fun with the topic and that they finally ‘got it’.

Unfortunatly a couple of other’s on teaching staff were unhappy that all passed the standardised exam, somthing about funding.

Interesting huh? Anyway, you can read my critique of such a non learning-centred pedagody elsewhere on my blog.

Today I have collated my fav foundational stats vids because I realised that most of the understanding of statistics was grounded in these basics. To this day I continue to do online quizzes to review and extend my learning about the foundational stuff.

Highly recommended for you, thus the list below. Enjoy!

Scales/Levels of Measurement

1. Scales
2. Types of Data: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval/Ratio
3. Types of Data

Measures of Central Tendency

…..4.  Measures of Central Tendency Rap
…..5.  Finding the mode, mean, median, and range of a set of numbers 1,.2, ,,…,,,,3 &4
…..6.  Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Variance/Dispersion

…..7.  Sources of Error within an Experiment
…..8.  Variation – Why statistical methods are needed
…..9.  Sampling Distribution

The Normal Distribution

…..10.  Normal Distribution

Share some of your favourite statistics basics vids in a comment below~

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Cairns Regional Councils’ Public Art Plan (2012-2017) draft is on the web for my local community to puruse and comment upon. I signed up to the Your Say: Help shape the future of our region to do exactly that, contribute to our communiy’s growth and development.

You can review the Plan’s Evaluation Strategy here.

Following, I have provided a brief critique of the Strategy. I hope it enables you to read the research methods in journals and text books with a more critical eye. I have not gone into details as to why I propose certain suggestions~ that’s your homework ~:-) Let me know how it goes for you and what you have to add to my critique.

Research Method Critique

Not very comprehensive is it ~:-) Great that it will cover the areas identified as important. Also I like the multi-method approach for data collection, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. But this is not a strategy, it’s a concept.

Will it be data-collection be in English only?

Will the survey include Likert scales? How many items? How sensitive? What about the wording?

If scales, will they use visual indicators to allow the illiterate and visual-based cultures to be able to answer?

Will there be a pilot test?

What kind of demographic information will be collected?

Will an open-answer section be provided to allow a qualitative element to the survey?

If participants are asked if they would like to be contacted regarding a prize/other incentive/further info, will this info be recorded separatly to provide anonymity and confidentiality to the survey responses they have provided?

How will interviewees be recruited? Is the interview schedule to be structured or semi-structured?

What will the case study involve? More details wanted!

Reading a comment today by a fellow Cairns-ite, it was clear that I had missed a glaring fact~ The draft Evaluation Strategy is not inclusive of community participants, it is an outline for a cost-benefits analysis within the Planning group itself.  I had assumed it was how the public would be engaged with to determine the success of the projects.

So, to add to my comment, with regards to evaluation with a non-public sample:

Who will be surveyed ? (Ditto all the construction commentary I made above)

How will participants be selected? (e.g., randomly? stratified sample across roles?)

Will the evaluations be done by an independent evaluation team?

What do you think of the proposed Evaluation Strategy?

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Psychology Tutor:Mentor (PSI) adopted a badges for learning program late last year. I installed BigDoor.com at the footer of my blog (see below~ log in with Facebook!) and am learning how to use it to encourage interaction with the site. Throughout the year I will be indroducing other learning badges, to complement student studies and learning in psychology.

There will even be badges you can award to me ~:-) to rate my delivery of services.

Learning badges are one way to create immersive, interactive and rewarding learning experiences for students of all ages and disciplines.

At the moment there is a Badge Comp on, run by Mozilla, Badges Competition: Badges For Lifelong Learning (Awards $10,000 -$200, 000). If you enjoy design for digital media you may like to take part. Here is a schematic of the comp, due date for applications in January 17, 2012.

Stage 2 of the Teacher Mastery and Feedback Badge Competition will be opening soon, check out the site if you are interested in designing badges which reflect the subject and content matter for the learning and feedback of teachers (Awards $10,000 -$200, 000).

Lucky me has been invited to trail SnapIt 3.7 Screen Capture Software. Yes, I do receive something for the review~ a free copy of the software. My review is an honest reflection of my use of SnapIt.

SnapIt Screen Capture

I highly recommend the SnapIT tool for psychology students (any higher ed student actually). It is really useful to capture images whilst researching on the net, especially form pdfs that don’t allow you to copy sections, you know the ones, where the WHOLE document gets copied! And for saving images such as graphs, logos, symbols or maps that you can use in class presentations or in an essay/report Appendix.

And it’s great to help make your data collection much easier when you need to use screen shots~just remember to cite your sources.

You can also snag and grab screenshots of photos on your ocmputer, saving you time having to upload them elsewhere and linking to a blog or discussion forum.

Capture anything you see on your PC screen! Don’t waste time cropping your captures. Take a “snapshot” of anything exactly what you need, with just a click.

SnapIt is also an irreplaceable tool for Bloggers, Designers, Office Workers, Business People, Analysts, Technical Writers who have to describe interfaces, menus, buttons, etc.

SnapIt  Features

* Supports hotkeys, auto-saving, clipboard

* Automatically copies screenshots to the clipboard

* Tracks capture history, auto-saves captured images

* Saves files in BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG and TIFF formats

* Auto-names captured images

Comparison with what I already Use

My current screen shot tool is the freeware Gimp. This lil product has served me well, but it has drawbacks. I need to minimize my windows to load it, wait for it to open and then move it out of the way to get the image I want. As you know, a few minutes here and there adds up.

I found having the icon in my toolbar at the bottom of the screen much more convenient. All I do is click ‘Prt Scr’ (Print Screen), a button on my keyboard and the image automatically saves to my chosen folder.

And I found I had more flexibility in choosing what part of the screen to save as I did not have to grab an entire window.

Here is a snapshot of my Desktop:

Try the 14 day trial version of SnapIt here.

The drawback of the software is that it does not have the diversity of cropping options that Gimp offers. However, as I only need basic cropping as an option, this will do me fine ~:-)

You too can access this giveaway by writing a review post/forum/twitter/facebook, etc., contact Melissa.Garcia@digeus.com with link to the review and she will issue you a registration code and name for the trialed software.

And you don’t have to download or reinstall this product again. This license releases all restrictions

Send me your link to the review too, in a comment below~

Today’s topics of interest is in the realm of Cognitive psychology and provides examples for a journal critique using the paper, Detecting Concealed Information about Person Recognition (Leal et al., 2011 [Abstract]).

Example of a Journal Critique in Cognitive Psychology

Literature Review

The reader is not given a critical analysis of current literature in this field to determine the gaps in current understanding or methods of deception investigation. As a result, it is not clear how the Leal and colleagues developed the hypothesis and research design used and, it could be, that they are ‘re-inventing the wheel’ or ignoring finding of previous experiments in this field.

Participants

Most people lie in daily life (Lying in Everyday Life). However,  can the military and police being asked to lie about details of a friend, be compared to the spontaneous lies of Resistance fighters in WW II who aim to save the lives of their comrades in arms? Or to that of criminals seeking to avoid arrest and or jail time?

Resistance fighters and criminals would have a lot of practice in lying, especially under pressure as it is required for thier survival.

Further, Leal et al. justified their choice of participants as those being, “better able to understand the practical significance of the research and therefore would be highly motivated” (p. 373). An alternative explanation for the results of the study could be that the experience of the officers lead them to mimic behaviours they believeed indicated deception,  thus providing socially desirable responses (demand characteristics).

Sampling for this type of study could be strengthened by recruiting actual criminals (or Resistance fighters)  such as in the study, Assessment Criteria Indicative of Deception (ACID): Replication and Gender Differences. Additionally, stratifying the sample by crime committed (e.g.,not paying parking fines vs. bank robbery) and length of time in jail could control for these confounding variables (e.g., 3 months vs. career criminal).

Stratification by gender would be important too I think, this study was skewed with regards to males (n = 28) with only three female participants. Lying does appear to be more socially acceptable for males and there is literature to support it being more prevelant amongst males (see Children’s Persistent Lying, Gender Differences and Disruptive Behaviours: A longitudinal perspective , Gender Differences in Deception, Nonverbal Deception Abilities and Adolescents’ Social Competence: Adolescents with higher social skills are better liars and Serious Lies).

Design

Operationalisation of the dependant variable  “the appearance of having to think hard” was not adequate. For example, a list of cues to indicate a person as thinking hard and the reliability of such a DV was not provided. Nor waws there any indication that the two raters were trained as to what cues to look for. An inter-rater reliablity of . 56  is acknowledged by the resaerchers to not be high (see p. 374) and, depsite this being on par with other deception inter-rater reliability scores, does not give a reliable operationalisation of this variable.

Hence, it can be argued that measurement was not standardised and so not reliable or valid.

Procedure

Rather than sending participants on a ‘Secret James Bond Mission’ it would have been better to design the study to provide real-world opportunities for lying. This would require some deception on the part of the researcher, which is not unusual in psychology experiements.

Results

The analysis appears appropriate as multi-dependant variables were used, “occurance of gaze” and “appearance to think hard” that were interval levals of measurement. And the independant variable (IV) was correctly, a nominal level of measurement.

Discussion

Althought the results were linked to other literature, most of it had not appeared in the literature review for this study. Further, no discussions about limitations of this study were provided. However, the researchers did make recommendations for future resarch and indicated the  usefulness of this study in the field of deception.

What is your response to this article?

Image: Using SPSS and PASW

Part of my role as a private psychology Tutor:Mentor is providing students with PASW (previously SPSS) resources to enable self-learning. The key to understanding statistics,  is to put it into practice in your daily life. Keep a learning journal, a ‘learning shoebox’ of accumulated notes or simply jot messages onto your mobile phone~ as long as you are collecting data relevant to your life. These practices are the hub of my tutoring and mentoring professioanl development.

Use this data to practice navigating PASW spreadsheets, to become familiar with research design and methods of data collection and analysis that suit your research question. For example, plot your weekly exercise~ weather you are a dedicated gym-bo or simply, like me, make lifestyle choices that enable physical activity (daily chores ~:-), riding a push bike instead of driving a car and walking/running my dogs).

You can download a trial version of PASW v. 19 here, or purchase a student copy (in Australia) from The Co-Op Bookshop Online.

To become more familiar with PASW itself, I highly recommend drawing on resources readily available on the internet. I have listed a few gems below.

• A Sneak Peak at PASW v. 19

• Guide to SPSS

•  How to Make SPSS Produce All Tables in APA Format Austomatically!

• PASW v. 17 How to Use

• Raynald’s SPSS Tools (He ran out of space on the above site ~:-)

• Resources to Help You Learn and Use SPSS

• SPSS v.19 Training (YouTube Video)

• SPSS Tutorials (includes the learning of Syntax)

• SPSS Step-By-Step Tutorial 1 (.pdf)

• SPSSX Discussion

 Do you have a PASW or SPSS tutorial to share~

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Image: THETERRORCAT

As I pride myself on being a dedicated Psychology Tutor:Mentor I am always looking for ways to provide You, the student, with more of what you want to enable your learning in the discipline.

So this morning I decided to use the keyword searches in psychology (and sometimes not related to psych at all ~:-) that brought you to my blog, as a springboard to provide you with learning materials.

I think this is an essential step for me as an online and offline Tutor:Mentor to provide you with sources of support, encouragement and learning aids. Think of them as tools and jewels to empower your skills as an academci adventurer in the world of psychology.

Corportate training and Development goals

Organisational psychology is a valuable field to enable worker satisfaction, health and safety and customer satisfaction. A colourful and resource rich site I came across was Directive Communication™  Basically, DC provides a set of online courses centred on organisational development psychology, developed by Arthur F Carmazzi. The focus is team work and group dynamics~ hey, that’s of use to undergrads and their group work!

What I like about this site is the emphasis on creating a cooperative culture within the workplace. Here is a list of some of their coaching services, note how the coaching material can easily transfer to group work whilst you are continuing your studies:

• How SYNERGETIC workforces are built
• How people can live their own values in line with an organizations objectives and gain more fulfillment from their job
• How people can INTERACT within their work environment to bring out the best in each other
• How peoples reactions towards each other and their environment creates stress and low productivity, and how to CHANGE those reactions into positive actions.
• How to INSPIRE great working attitudes by influencing your psychological environment
• How to access continuous workforce performance enhancement with TARGETED Directive Communication™ take home tools
• How to create superior cross departmental COMMUNICATION
• How to realize and develop untapped LEADERSHIP POTENTIAL
• How to cultivate loyalty with FULFILLED employee

Read more about DC here.

DC provides a range of Certification and self-study courses in Training and Organisational Psychology, which can be viewed here.

There is also a wealth of free resources available to visitors and of practical use to the undergrad. We must all do some form of group work in academia and, when working in the field, we are expected to be able to collaborate and cooperative within multidisciplinary environments. This site is a boon.

I have signed up to the email course, The Foundation in Directive Communication Mini Course (it’s free). And, I registered to be part of the DC community, which as an added extra, provides me with another host of free organisational psychology resources.

Love it! So much so that I have written to the marketing department at DC to let them know of this review and, to enquire about product testing. That means more quality information to you about the value of the DC site to your current studies and career development choices.

The beginnings of Modern Psychology

The history of psychology is an important element in our education, as I higlighted in a montage video post. Students who wanted to know more on this topic appeared keen to find the information in powerpoint form, so that is what I sought during my tramp.

Remember when researching this information, that Major Schools of Thought and the History of Research Methods are inter-linked with our disciplines beginnings.

• PhD. graduate, Caroline M. Clements, provides an informative PowerPoint presentation on the topic, Introduction to Psychology History and Research Methods. I as one online tutor will certainly be using this as a resource for teaching about psychology history.
• Modern Psychology History Brief: PowerPoint with References, was made by yours truly ~:-)
• The History of Modern European Psychology was created by Veronica H. Ehap. The only weakness of this presentation is that there is no referencing, however, Ehanp does provide a trove of information to aid in your online searches.

Other online resources, not in Powerpoint form but are pertaining to the modern history of psychology include:

• A History of Modern Psychology, by Duane and Sydney Shultz. This book has many pages that can be accessed through the Google Book link that I have provided here. And I have added it to my Google Library (come visit!).
• And fantastically! the above’s Companion Book Site, complete with quizzes and flashcards (which I do whilst waiting in a queue or my coffee pot to bubble).
• Modern Psychology in Historical Context is a 30 minute lecture by Dr David Martin, who has been teaching the historical context of psychology for over 36 years. Rivetting ~:-) In fact I am listening to it now.
• A Brief History of Psychology emphasises modern history of our discipline and includes a neat interactive infographic, a visual of which I simply had to include here:

• History of Psychology provides two handouts that cover famous names in psychology with brief notes about why they got to be famous in the science.
• History of Psychology Timeline

The Psychology of Gardening and Exotic Flowers

Interestingly, a popular post of mine, which I suspect is not being found for its psychological information, is The Exotic World of Bayesian Stats. So, as an attempt to keep the green-thumbed ones reading, I am exploring the relationship between psychology and gardening. As fortune would have it, so too have others.

Gardening as Mental Health Treatment, is a blog post by Will Meek, extols the virtues of tending one’s garden and simultaneously one’s mental health. I can attest to this, it also provides much physcial exercise when you’ve a chook to chase as I do, compliments of my neighbours (I feel blessed and special, tho exhausted, that she visits. More about how I am experimenting to keep her from my veggie patch tomorrow).

Meek links to the BBC News article, Blooming good’ mental health therapy which in turn highlights the applied psychology methods being used to enahnce community inclusiveness and self-development of those with mental health differences. The Thrive Battersea Garden Project has given me some ownderful ideas for mental health programs that can incorporate a community gardens project in Cairns, that the not-for-profit I coordinate is interested in contributing to (Reuse and Recycle, Cairns Inc).

Till next we meet…

Hey! I just saw the time and realised that I must get a wriggle on. I’ve a PhD student awaiting my feedback on their literature review draft, but first really must walk my dogs. The chores will have to wait~ yah ~:-)

Let me know what learning resources could be of help to you~

Example of a Journal Critique: Math Self-Efficacy (Hall & Patton, 2005)

I thought today for the AP Psychology Exam Prep post that I would upload a qirky vid created by Dr Larry Pfaff of Spring Arbor University. It covers the reasoning behind why we as psychologists need to know our past~ basically, so we can navigate our future.

The video touches on some key points to help understand why it is important to explore the roots of our scientific discipline. I think that writing a summary review of the clip, as I am doing here, is one way to critically reflect on the message of the video and to put it into perspective with my own thoughts. This process, as you can imagine, is a great way to practice writing an open-answer essay question, which in turn, is a fantastic way to organise one’s knowledge on a topic and to identify gaps in understanding or to raise challenging quesitons about how to apply what one knows at this point in time, about the history of psychology.

Personally, I found the argument that most uni/colleges offer a course in the hisotyr of psych a weak argument to justify its inclusion in curriculum. However, having not recevied such a course when I was an undergrad, I can see how a chunk of information was left out of my education that would have helped me to link theories with research methods and applications in daily life.

I liked how the Professor in the clip pointed to wider socio-cultural events in the development of schools of thought in psychology across time; it is critical that we not forget that we are all embeded in our culture of the time and that social values and technology as well as the economic and physical environment, all play a part in how we interpret the world we live in and come up with explanations for it.

The robotic nature of the characters and their voices was a little distracting, but I am keen to try the software myself to see how I can tailor it for enhanving the learning of undergards in psych.

The video points out that psychology grew from two other sciences, physiology and philosophy, and this to me is something amazing about our history. These two scientific disciplines are like the extremes of a continuum, one grounded in the physical and observable the other quite ephemeral and intangible, yet so so useful in aiding one to navigate the world as a critical thinker.

I think that is what I find the most exciting and liberating about studying psychology as a life long learner (LLL); the fact that I can continually use my mind to create the change in my world that I want to see, and that mind-body-spirit overlap and interact to enable and empower me to be the best that I can be, to be the person that I want to be.

Now that I have graduated and am  an online Tutor:Mentor for psychology, I get to indulge my curiousness about psychology through helping undergraduates achieve their academic, career and personal goals. I see great value in learning about our history in psychology, like most learning it is an ongoing process. Understanding the schools of thought within our science is eye-opening in that it makes sense how theoriests chose to investgiate their theories. It gives me insight as to how I can create my own theoires about life, my being, my studies and career and how I can test them,  share them and contribute to this global community in a positive and meaningful way.

What did you think of the video? How relevant do you think the history of psychology to be, to your academic goals?

Image: edtech.nmusd.us

Come and join me for your AP Psychology Exam Prep using Skype or Facebook Chat.

Pay a $2 donation and access 60 minutes of AP psychology review, discussion and practice tests.

Fantastic value! For the price of a coffee you receive 1 hour of AP Psychology review and practice in a peer-to-peer learning environment.

When: 1st of January to 31st of January

Where: Online

   Psychology (PSI) Tutor:Mentor  (via chat)

or

    psi_tutor

How:

Make your $2 donation by clicking on the Paypal button below~

Topics covered:

As per the outline provided by AP Central

I. History and Approaches

Logic, Philosophy, and History of Science

Approaches:

Biological

Behavioral

Cognitive

Humanistic

Psychodynamic

Sociocultural

Evolutionary/Sociobiological

II. Research Methods

Experimental, Correlational, and Clinical Research:

Correlational (e.g., observational, survey, clinical)

Experimental

Statistics:

Descriptive

Inferential

Ethics in Research

III. Biological Bases of Behavior

Physiological Techniques (e.g., imaging, surgical)

Neuroanatomy

Functional Organization of Nervous System

Neural Transmission

Endocrine System

Genetics

IV. Sensation and Perception

Thresholds

Sensory Mechanisms

Sensory Adaptation

Attention

Perceptual Processes

V. States of Consciousness

Sleep and Dreaming

Hypnosis

Psychoactive Drug Effects

VI. Learning

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Cognitive Processes in Learning

Biological Factors

Social Learning

VII. Cognition

Memory

Language

Thinking

Problem Solving and Creativity

VIII. Motivation and Emotion

Biological Bases

Theories of Motivation

Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain

Social Motives

Theories of Emotion

Stress

IX. Developmental Psychology

Life-Span Approach

Research Methods (e.g., longitudinal, cross-sectional)

Heredity-Environment Issues

Developmental Theories

Dimensions of Development:

Physical

Cognitive

Social

Moral

Sex Roles, Sex Differences

X. Personality

Personality Theories and Approaches

Assessment Techniques

Self-concept, Self-esteem

Growth and Adjustment

XI. Testing and Individual Differences

Standardization and Norms

Reliability and Validity

Types of Tests

Ethics and Standards in Testing

Intelligence

Heredity/Environment and Intelligence

Human Diversity

XII. Abnormal Psychology

Definitions of Abnormality

Theories of Psychopathology

Diagnosis of Psychopathology

Anxiety Disorders

Somatoform Disorders

Mood Disorders

Schizophrenic Disorders

Organic Disorders

Personality Disorders

Dissociative Disorders

XIII. Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Treatment Approaches:

Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic/Humanistic Approaches

Behavioral Approaches

Cognitive Approaches

Biological Approaches (psychopharmacology/psychosurgery)

Modes of Therapy (e.g., individual, group)

Community and Preventive Approaches

XIV. Social Psychology

Group Dynamics

Attribution Processes

Interpersonal Perception

Conformity, Compliance, Obedience

Attitudes and Attitude Change

Organizational Behavior

Aggression/Antisocial Behavior

Sign up for your study-buddy session today and enhance your understanding of AP Psychology for the January exam.